Warm vegetable fermentation (at ~30C / 85F) - when is it used and what are the microbial mechanisms behind it?
I come from a Polish family and a constant of every christmas is a spicy fermented beet soup. My family has been fermenting the beets exclusively in a terracota vessel on a hot radiator when the heating is on for the winter. That's the way my mum and grandma are doing it, and the way their mothers done it before them. They claim that it's imperative that the temperature of the vessel doesn't drop, cause that risks the entire batch going bad.
Now, that is pretty much against everything I read about temperatures and fermenting (i.e. colder is tastier and safer, warmer is more spoilage-proof). I mean, especially considering that food-on-a-radiator sounds like a danger zone party for the beets.
On the other hand, that is the traditional method, nobody ever got sick in my family and it does indeed not work out when done cold. I heard of warm fermentations being done in the context of brewing beer, but that's a different kind of fermentation so I'm assuming it's unrelated. So I'm pretty puzzled about this.
Best Answer
Cultured Guru provides a good detailed overview of the vegetable fermentation process, including the types of bacteria that tend to dominate each phase of the process. Please see the source link for a more detailed overview of each stage.
As for the question of temperature, the fermentation curve will vary between different vegetables and microbial cultures, but anything in the range of 20-30 degrees Celsius does seem to be something of a 'sweet spot' for most types of fermented products. Nourished Kitchen has a fermented beets recipe for 'room temperature', but I suppose that then depends on the typical temperature of your room!
Considering that this is a traditional recipe from Eastern Europe, where winters tend to be cold and bitter, it's understandable that the safest bet was to keep it on the radiator and avoid it dipping too low. In a modern thermostat-controlled house colder fermentation should be safe and possible, as Nourished Kitchen suggest.
As you suggest, higher temperatures do increase the risk of spoilage bacteria flourishing, though. Perhaps there's something else in your recipe that's inhibiting them somehow?
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What happens when you ferment vegetables?
During vegetable fermentation, mainly bacteria and, at times, yeast break down vegetable sugars into acid, carbon dioxide gas and other flavor compounds. The acid produced gives the vegetable tartness and also keeps the food safe by preventing harmful bacteria from growing.What temperature do you need to ferment vegetables?
Most products are fermented at temperatures between 68\xb0F and 75\xb0F. In this temperature range, fermentation generally takes 3 to 4 weeks; at 60\xb0F to 65\xb0F, fermentation will proceed more slowly and may take 5 to 6 weeks. Fermentation at temperatures above 75\xb0F may result in spoilage.How does temperature affect food fermentation?
A cooler, slower fermentation seems to last longer in cold storage as well. When temperatures exceed 70\xb0F (20\xb0C), fermentation happens quickly. The bacteria that feed on pectin are more active, causing vegetables to break down into softer textures. The flavor is sharper, rather than tangy.What temperature does lacto-fermentation need to be?
The ideal ambient temperature range for most lacto-fermentation is 65-72 degrees Fahrenheit. That said, 55-75 degrees normally has reasonably good results. Lower temperatures slow the rate of fermentation and higher temperatures speed it up.How to ferment vegetables
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Answer 2
While I cannot provide a full answer, I will address one specific part of your question.
Now, that is pretty much against everything I read about temperatures and fermenting (i.e. colder is tastier and safer, warmer is more spoilage-proof).
This is simply not true. Each fermentation recipe has its own optimal temperature range. If you go outside of the range - making it either too warm or too cold - it becomes unsafe. Outside of the range (and towards its fuzzy borders!) you risk breeding a different type of microorganism than usual, and the new ones may or may not be pathogenic. And you cannot recognize a bad recipe from the temperature range it prescribes, since you cannot predict what culture it was optimized for.
Bottom line, the safe thing is to follow fermentation recipes exactly, and not to second-guess them.
Sources: Stack Exchange - This article follows the attribution requirements of Stack Exchange and is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0.
Images: Askar Abayev, Melike Benli, Dayvison de Oliveira Silva, Foodie Factor