What are the natural and artificial sugars?

Sugar, as in common table sugar from sugar cane, is sucrose, which is a chemically weak linked combination of glucose and fructose. Your stomach acids will split sucrose very fast. So the difference in using natural cane sugar and factory split glucose may only be a matter of minutes once you eat the stuff

Same goes for almost all the sugars other than the "artificial sweeteners" which are generally not sugars at all, they just taste very sweet

Some artificial sweeteners are very natural in the general scheme of things when compared to processed sugar etc.

Nearly everything that comes in a packet with a barcode is not "natural". White table sugar is not natural. Buy some sugar cane stem, and crush and boil it, then you can see the difference

I would rather use the white table sugar though, as it is more likely to be clean and tested as being non-contaminated

Sugar Substitutes

There is a great list of sugar substitutes including artificial sweeteners on Wikipedia. Many of which would be better for you if sugar levels was of a concern in your diet (it is for some people). Many are useless in baking

The list of "artificial sweeteners" is thus:

• Acesulfame Potassium (Celanese, Nutrinova, Sunett)
• Advantame
• Alitame
• Aspartame (Equal, Neotame, NutraSweet)
• Aspartame-Acesulfame Salt (Twinsweet)
• Dulcin
• Glucin
• Neohesperidin Dihydrochalcone
• P-4000
• Saccharin (Sweet'N Low)
• Sodium Cyclamate
• Sucralose (Splenda)

And the sugar alcohol's, which are also a form of "artificial sweeteners"

• Erythritol
• Glycerol
• Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates (HSH) (long sub list)
• Isomalt
• Lactitol
• Maltitol
• Mannitol
• Sorbitol
• Xylitol

Nice info-graphic from Washington Post

Natural or artificial is a matter of how something was produced, not what it is and even then the distinction is fuzzy at best. Nutrition on the other hand is a matter of what it is regardless of how it got to be that way. (Process obviously can impact the result, but it isn't necessarily so)

Highly refined apple juice is a syrup of 45% fructose and 55% glucose in water and can be produced purely mechanically from apples.

HFCS 45 is a syrup of 45% fructose and 55% glucose in water. It's produced by heating corn starch with a weak acid to split it into glucose, and then treating that with an Xylose isomerase, an enzyme produced by certain bacteria to convert the glucose into fructose.

Glucose and fructose could also be produced from petroleum although it's more economical to grow them. That could be combined with artificial water produced by burning more petroleum. The only real difference would be that it's less radioactive since it would have less Carbon-14.

Glucose-fructose syrup is glucose-fructose syrup regardless of how it was produced and has the same nutritional value (For good or ill). The only thing that would impact it is changing which stereoisomer of glucose you used, but L-glucose is not practical to produce in food quantities and no known terrestrial life produces it so you only encounter D-glucose/dextrose in practice.

So, if you see "glucose" or "fructose" as an ingredient it could be from fruit by a lot of filtering, or it could be from table sugar by a process similar to making caramel, or it could be from corn by a process roughly comparable to making beer or vinegar, or it could (in theory at least) be cooked up in a lab from petroleum. It's not going to make a difference in terms of nutrition though (Unless it is the expensively made in a lab L-glucose in which case it just tastes sweet and otherwise does nothing but you're not going to find it in any food in practice)

So there's no comprehensive way to make such a list. A product might list "Fruit Juice" as an ingredient, and it would just be a somewhat more expensive substance identical to high fructose corn syrup. What one person considers "natural" or "artificial" isn't the same as what another person thinks, and the criteria can even vary for a person depending on what they are looking at: The process for making HFCS isn't all the different from making alcoholic beverages or tenderizing meat with fruit enzymes, but we've been using Yeast and Papaya longer than we've been using Xylose isomerase so the latter is less familiar.

Of course none of that means there aren't problems with excessive consumption of simple sugars (Or anything else), but it has nothing to do with HFCS being "artificial". HFCS isn't poison and juice/honey isn't the elixir of perfect health.

Fooducate has compiled such a list of artificial sweeteners and sugar synonyms:

• Aspartame – marketed as Nutrasweet (artificial, 0 calories)
• Acesulfame potassium (acesulfame-K) / E950 -
• marketed as Sunett / Sweet One (artificial, 0 calories)
• Agave
• Agave Nectar
• Barley Malt Extract
• Brown Rice Syrup
• Brown sugar
• Corn sugar
• Corn sweetener
• Corn syrup, or corn syrup solids
• Crystalline Fructose
• Dehydrated Cane Juice
• Dextrin
• Dextrose
• Evaporated Cane Juice
• Evaporated Cane Syrup
• Fructose
• Fruit juice concentrate
• Glucose
• High-fructose corn syrup
• Honey
• Invert sugar (golden syrup)
• Lactose
• Maltodextrin
• Malt syrup
• Maltose
• Mannitol (2.6 calories)
• Maple syrup
• Molasses
• Neotame (artificial, 0 calories)
• Raw sugar
• Rice Syrup
• Saccharin (artificial, 0 calories)
• Saccharose
• Sucralose – marketed as Splenda (artificial, 0 calories)
• Sucrose
• Sugar
• Sorbitol (2.6 calories)
• Sorghum syrup
• Syrup
• Treacle
• Turbinado Sugar
• Xylose