Focaccia dough perhaps not able to get at room temp before baking

I am guessing that this is a dough formula that contains a proportion of yeast that is designed to be appropriate for a relatively quick rise (a few hours). Even though you chilled your dough, the activity doesn't stop entirely. My hypothesis is that your focaccia was simply over-proofed. Especially if you've had success before and this was the only variable you changed. Also, as I mention in my comment above, the white dots are simply from the salt. Some (or all) dissolves on the surface. Then, when baked, because of dehydration, you see the salt spot. Just like if some salt water stayed on your countertop until it dried, leaving behind the salt residue.

To the question about rising: there isn't enough information to answer it.

To get good bread texture, you have to bake the dough when it is well-risen. It doesn't matter how you get there, there are many combinations of time and temperature which will work. But it has to be neither under- nor overproofed, and the yeast has to be active at the time it goes into the oven, i.e. not overly cold. And the effect of these problems can be quite strong in a bread like focaccia, with high hydration, and a low crumb-to-crust ratio.

From your explanation, it is not clear what happened. You are wondering whether the dough was too cold, but the dough being overproofed or underproofed are equally likely explanations, and maybe even overbaking as a fourth, in conjunction with the rather thin shape. If you were not able to diagnose one of those problems at the time the dough went into the oven, we will never know which one it was. And even if we were to pick one as being more likely than the others, trying to retroactively pick a single cause for it would be futile.

To the question about the oil and white dots: again, not enough information

I am not sure what "dots" you are referring to. The surface of the bread does look a bit mottled on the picture, but I suspect that in reality, these things look more like bubbles-which-became-solid and not like white dots. If you mean these, they are indeed somewhat related to the oil, but I would hesitate to call it the "cause" - it is more that the combination of bad proofing and high fat resulted in something closer to a huge cracker than to a bread, and the bubbles were created by the proofing process, while their hardness is indeed related to the oil. But to say that the oil "caused" them would be misleading.

The second candidate I see in the picture for "dots" is that the wells of the dimples are much lighter. This is very normal for a focaccia baked to such a dark stage, and again the oil is part of the mechanism, but not a single clear-cut "cause".

While I don't see anything more in the picture, it would be so uncommon for me to refer to these first two as to "white dots", that I am wondering if you happened to have something else there, like spots of unhydrate surface flour or overdried crust, which stayed visually white after baking and became very visible in contrast to the very dark crust. If it is one of those, it is not related to the oil.

To the question you didn't ask outright: what you can you do differently next time

Start paying attention to what well-risen dough looks and feels like. Whenever you decide to follow a rising regime that differs from a tried-and-tested one, use your knowledge to bake the dough at a time at which it is in the proper proofed state. Any attempt to predict from first principles what you will get you there ('if I leave a hole in the foil, it will be perfect in 2 hours, if I don't, I will need to wait 3 hours 20 minutes') is doomed.

As for the amount of oil, it is unlikely to contribute to anything that can be seen as a spectacular failure. When you have started proofing and baking in a stable process which gives you reproducibly well-baked results, you can start experimenting with different oil amounts to fine-tune the texture to your taste.