Extent of poultry denaturing via freezing(ice crystal formation)?

There's not really much chemistry happening here. It's just basic physics - ice crystals form when you freeze it, tearing through things a bit, and then they melt back into water when you thaw it. Some proteins are indeed sensitive to denaturing during freezing, but that's basically going to be a constant no matter how you freeze it. (Denaturing is just a destruction of the tertiary structure of the protein - so it will mess with its structural properties, but since it doesn't destroy the amino acids, it won't alter nutritional value. I don't know if structure-giving proteins in meat are sensitive to freezing denaturation, but I don't think there's anything you can do to affect it anyway.)

With respect to your first question: it's not the ice formation on the surface that matters. That's just sitting on the surface. It's the ice forming in the chicken that's tearing it apart. Amount of surface ice doesn't have an effect on the food underneath. It does mean that there'll be more water when you thaw it, though, and sometimes that's very undesirable (e.g. for bread) and sometimes it's just annoying (vegetables that you want to cook without much water). But all that matters for the food itself is the fact that it's frozen. This is the same kind of the thing that you see with fruit - if you freeze and thaw it, it'll be completely mushy, now that the ice crystals have destroyed its internal structure. This isn't so pronounced with meat, since it doesn't have as high a water content, but the texture is still somewhat altered.

For your second question: it's just a matter of how much moisture-containing air was able to get to the food. This is a common problem. The ideal case is a completely vacuum-sealed, airtight container: only the food will freeze, and there's no room for moisture to get to it and form surface ice. If something is airtight but was sealed in with normal, somewhat humid air, that moisture will create frost on the food. If it's not airtight, air will leak in, and humidity is brought in when you open the freezer, so it'll slowly accumulate frost.

For your third question: once something is frozen, it's frozen. It's not moving anymore. Pores aren't being opened. There's no effect from food being frozen longer. (Unless it's not airtight, in which case it can take on odors from the freezer - but that takes a while.)

I can think of two things which could conceivably have an effect: freezing at different rates, and freezing and thawing multiple times. The former is hard to mess with at home, but freezing very rapidly reduces the amount of destruction. In a home freezer you're already freezing very slowly; freezing more slowly probably wouldn't be significantly different. Multiple freeze/thaws should tear things up a bit more (though probably two freezes won't tear things up twice as much, since some crystals will just form in the same place they did last time).

Regarding the Ice crystals on the chicken: Where is this ice forming? Is this an ice glaze on the chicken or is this "frost" in the package?

'Frozen with ice glazed' is a commercial procedure. The glaze helps to reduce oxygen penetration or absorption by the surface protein - to retard lipid oxidation. This is done, when vacuum packaging is not an option.

Frost in the package is in most cases a sign of Freeze-Thaw-Freeze (as from defrost cycles) and the resulting dehydration of the chicken. Ice crystal formation is generally extra-cellar. The amount of damage is dependent on several factors.

1. The rate of freezing. Quick freezing produces smaller crystals than slow freezing. Second
2. Did the the processor utilize a "Cr-yo-protect-ant", an added substance (Eg, refined sugar) added to minimize freezer damage to the protein - to stabilize the water.

So it does matter how we freeze and to what temperature. A chicken at -18 C is not frozen. The solutes of the protein prevent freezing. In order to declare solid frozen will require -62 degrees C (In most commercial cases the temperature is -25 to-27 C).

The point of Frost variability makes freeze thaw a concern, the retained moisture content is not the same under the skin of a breast and thigh.

Immersion chilled, for young light weight birds, the water is taped under the skin. note the actual meat (MC) is about the same 73.5%. What you see, may well be, retained water. Migration from under the skin, in the skin.

Perhaps, is the chicken "enhanced"? - this a 12% water added product.

Denaturing of a whole chicken is initiated by heat, or cold (Frozen Induced Denaturation ), acid or salt.

What is of significance, is the length of time in the freezer. The period of time for frozen storage is a factor of Denaturation. A maximum of four months is suggested. There are a significant amount of Chemical reactions happening here. The point is while the alpha helix - the coiled structured is relaxed - it provides a weak point for the initiation of Lipid Per-oxidation, that shall result in a free radical chain reaction - resulting in a product unfit to eat.